2006年专业四级考试语法复习资料

作者：专四命题研究中心 日期：2006-04-04 17:36:09

2006年专业四级考试语法复习资料

欧博官网外国语学院英语专业四级命题研究小组编写

一、考纲要求及语法知识常考点

（一）名词、代词的数和格的构成及其用法

1．有关名词的格的考点：

名词可分为主格、宾格和所用格。专业四级英语主要是考查名词所用格的掌握情况。所有格可分为’s所有格与介词of所有格，前者一般用于有生命的名词，如：the boy’s ball，后者用于无生命的名词，如：the topic of the conversation（话题）。另外还有双重属格，其表现形式为A of B’s，其中B必须是指人的名词。如：a book of my wife’s（我妻子的一本书），而不能说a funnel of the ship’s.

考点一：当名词表示地理、国家、城市、时间等词时，应该把它们当作有生命的名词对待，即用’s所有格。如：

Europe’s future欧洲的未来

Today’s newspaper今天的报纸

考点二：表示某物为两人或多人共有时，在最后一个人名后加’s，如果为词组内并列名词各自所有时，则要在各个名词后都加’s，例如：

Mary and Linda’s book玛丽与琳达（共同拥有）的书

Tom’s and Peter’s fathers汤姆的父亲与彼得的父亲

考点三：人名’S所有格结构可以表示某人所在的店铺、家庭、学校与教堂等地点。

I am going to the tailor’s to get my dress.我要去裁缝店拿回我的衣服。

I buy my meat at the Johnson’s我常在约翰逊开的肉铺买肉。

They took part in the birthday party at Tom’s.他们参加了在汤姆家举行的生日宴会。

2.有关名词数的考点：

考点一：复合名词的复数：一般而言，我们把核心词变为复数形式即可，如：passers-by, mothers-in-law; assistant directors；girl friends，但当修饰词是man，woman时，复合词各组成部分都要变为复数，例如：menservants，womenservants

考点二：复数形式的名词用于单数概念，其谓语动词用单数。这些名词一般为表示学科、疾病及一些专有名词，如：economics经济学，measles麻疹，physics物理学，mathematics数学，dynamics动力学，news新闻，The United States美国The New York Times纽约时报。

例：Acoustics is the science of sound waves and their production, transmission, reception and control.声学是研究声波及其产生、传播、接受和控制的科学。

考点三：有些工具或衣服是由相同的两个部分组成，英语中表示这些物体的名词一般用复数，例如：trousers, jeans, glasses, pants, scissors, compasses等，如果这类名词与表示单位的名词连用，其单复数就要根据单位词的单复数确定，例如：

A pair of scissors costs quite a lot these days.如今一把剪刀要花不少钱。

There are three pairs of trousers in the case。箱子里有三条裤子。

3．有关代词格的考点：人称代词的主宾格与顺序

考点一：人称代词的主格与宾格：I/me, we/us，you/you, he/him, she/her, it/it, they/them.主格一般做主语，也可做主语补足语和主语的同位语，还可用于强调结构。宾格主要做宾语，也可做宾语补足语和用于强调结构，如：

Jason, who was afraid that he might lose his job as an employee in the company, has just had an interview with his employer and asked him for help.

考点二：人称代词的顺序：在连续使用两个或两个以上人称代词时，通常排列为第二人称、第三人称、第一人称。在承认错误或自我批评时，往往把第一人称放在第三人称前、第二人称后。

You and I are to finish the task together, therefore we should cooperate with each other well。

I and Betty made the mistake. Please don't blame it on the other people.

4．有关名词、代词做主语数的考点（主谓一致）

英语中，名词与代词做主语与谓语在数应该保持一致，但在实际应用中很容易被忽视，尤其是主语和谓语之间出现分隔，故考试中经常考到主谓一致，现将主谓一致的考点归纳如下：

考点一：复数原则：两个或者两个以上的名词由and连接作主语时，或主语由both … and …连接时，谓语动词一般用复数。

如：Both reading and writing are very important.（读写都很重要。）注意：当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。（考查重点）例如：

The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.钢铁工业对我们的生活有重要意义。（钢铁表示同一概念）

The playwright and director was present at the party last night.编剧兼导演出席了昨晚的宴会。(指同一个人)=>试比较：The playwright and the director were present at the party last night.编剧和导演都出席了昨晚的宴会(指两个人)

考点二：就近原则：由either … or … ; neither … nor …; not only…but also…; …or …；there be …等引导的主语，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。

Not only the students but also their teacher is invited to attend the party.不单是学生，他们的老师也被邀请到宴会。

Either you or she is to go.不是你去，就是她去。

There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.桌上有一支笔、一把小刀和几本书。

考点三：就远原则：当主语是由with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as等词组成的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致。例如：

The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.教师和一些学生在参观工厂。

My mother, as well as my two brothers, has a key to the office.我母亲，还有我的两个哥哥都有一把办公室的钥匙。

考点四：动名词、不定式、名词性从句做主语时，谓语用单数。

What I said and did is of no concern to you.我所说的与所做的与你没有关系。

Reading three classical novels is an assignment for the students during the holiday.阅读三篇古典小说是学生们的假期作业。

To see is to believe.眼见为实

考点五：表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体概念，谓语一般用单数。

One hundred dollars is a large sum for the poor.一百美元对穷人来说是一笔大数目。

Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.用三个星期来做必要的准备。

考点六：many a, more than one +单数可数名词，尽管表示复数意义，但谓语仍用单数。

Many a person has read the novel. 许多人读过这本书。

More than one stranger agrees with me.

考点七：由every …and every …; each … and each…; no … and no…; many a …and many a …等连接的并列主语，谓语动词用单数。

Every man and every woman working here is getting along well with me.

No difficulty and no hardship has discouraged him.

考点八：用half of, most of, none of, heaps of, lots of, plenty of, the majority of等引起主语时，谓语动词的数通常与of后面的名词/代词保持一致。例如：

Most of his money is spent on books.他大部分的钱花在书上了。

Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.大部分学生积极参加体育运动。

The majority of the students like English.大部分学生喜欢英语。

考点九：由some，any, no，every构成的复合词如somebody, nothing, nobody, anything, everybody等不定代词作主语，谓语动词用单数；由each, every one, no one, either, neither, another, the other作主语时，谓语动词用单数；由either, neither, each, every修饰名词作主语时，谓语动词也用单数。如：

Each of us has a tape-recorder.我们每人都有录音机。

Neither is satisfactory.两者都不令人满意。

（二） 动词的基本时态、语态的构成及其用法

1.基本时态

英语共有16种时态，常用的有10种左右，根据近几年专业四级英语试卷分析，时态测试重点主要有：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时和现在完成进行时，尤其是将来完成时与完成进行时。

一般时态

1)一般现在时

一般现在时表示没有时限的持久存在的动作或状态或现阶段反复发生的动作或状态，常和副词usually，often，always sometimes，occasionally，every year, every week等连用。例如：

He likes skating in winter。他喜欢在冬天滑冰。

My neighbor does outdoor exercises every morning.我邻居每天早上都做户外活动。

考点一：永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。如：

I knew that the earth turns around the sun when I was ten.我十岁时就知道地球绕着太阳转。

考点二：（2）在由after，until，before，once，when，even if，in case，as long as，as soon as，the moment以及if，unless等引导的时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，通常用一般现在时代替将来时。例如：

I will not go to countryside if it rains tomorrow.明天下雨的话我们就不会去乡下。

I will tell him the news as soon as I see him.

2)一般过去时

表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，或过去习惯性动作，不强调对现在的影响，只说明过去。表过去的时间词有：yesterday; last week; in 1988, at that time(date); once; before; a few days ago等等。

We went to the cinema last night and saw a very interesting film.我昨晚去了电影院，看了一场非常有趣的电影。

考点一：used to +动词原形，表示过去经常发生而现在已不再存在的动作或习惯

I used to do my homework in the library.我过去通常在图书馆做家庭作业。（注意与be used to doing短语的区别：He is used to swimming in winter.）

考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替过去将来时（would do）。

My father promised to buy me a computer if I passed that examination.我父亲承诺如果我能通过那次考试，他就给我买台电脑。

3)一般将来时

表示将来某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常和tomorrow, next year等表示将来的时间状语连用，其表现形式多达5种。

Beijingwill host the 29th Olympic Games in 2008.

考点一：某些表示短暂性动作的动词如arrive, come, go, leave, start, die等，用现在进行时形式表示将来。

I am leaving forBeijingtomorrow.

考点二：“祈使句+ and/or/otherwise +句子”，这种结构中and后面的句子谓语用一般将来时。（专业四级英语考查重点）

Think it over and you will find a way.再想想的话，你就会找到一条办法。

Follow my advice，or/otherwiseyou will fail in this examination。听听我的意见，要不然你会考试不及格。

考点三：几种替代形式：

(1) be to +v表示计划安排要做的事，具有“必要”的强制性意义。例如：

We are to play basketball this afternoon.

(2) be about to +v表示即将发生的事情。例如：

He was about to leave forBeijing.

(3) be due to +v表示预先按期确定了的、必然会发生的事。例如：

The airplane is due to depart in ten minutes.

(4) be on the point/verge of +v – ing强调即将发生的某种事态。例如：

The baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home.婴儿正准备要哭时，母亲赶回了家。

进行时态

4)现在进行时

表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动：

We are having English class now。我们正在上英语课。

考点一：表感情色彩，加强语气。与频率副词，如always，constantly，continually，again等连用表示说话人的某种情感色彩（赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等）。

My father is continually criticizing me.我父亲一直不停歇地批评我。

The little boy is always making trouble.这个小男孩老是惹麻烦。

考点二：表示根据计划或安排在最近要进行的事情。具有这种语法功能的动词仅限于瞬间动词。常用的有：go，come，leave，start，arrive，return等。例如：

They are leaving forHong Kongnext month.

5)过去进行时

过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生后，另一个过去的动作正在进行，或表示过去反复的习惯，常与always，continually，constantly等动词连用，也可以表过去情感色彩。

We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered.校长进来时我们正在讨论此事。

I am leaving for Hong Kong when my father came back。我父亲回来的时候我正计划去香港。

6)将来进行时

表将来某个时间正在发生的动作，或按计划一定会发生的事情。

I’ll be going shopping this time tomorrow.明天这会儿我会在逛商店。

完成时态

7)现在完成时

考点一：现在完成时所表示的动作在说话之前已完成，但对现在有影响。句中没有具体时间状语。

He has gone toBeijing. /He has been toBeijing.

考点二：现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去，持续到现在，也许还会持续下去，常用for和sine表示一段时间的状语或so far, this week (month, year)等表示包括现在内的状语。

He has studied English for 5 years.

He has studied English since 1985.

So far, she hasn’t enjoyed the summer vacation.迄今为止，她还没有享受过暑假。

注意：表示短暂时间动作的词（如come, go, die, marry, buy等）的完成时不能与for, since等表示一段时间的词连用。它们必须要以它们的形容词形式表完成状态。如：

He has been dead (away) for one month.

He has been away for two days.

考点三：现在完成时还可用时间和条件状语从句中，代替将来完成时，表示将来某时完成的动作。（考查重点）

I’ll go to your home when I have finished my homework.我完成作业后会来你家里。

8)过去完成时

表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使用( before, after, by, up till)

There had been 25 parks in our city up till 2000.我们城市到2000年时已经有25个公园。

试比较：There will have been 25 parks in our city up till 2008.

By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.到去年年底为止，他们已经生产了5千辆自行车。

考点一：过去完成时常考的固定句型：

(1) hardly, scarcely, barely +过去完成时+ when +一般过去时（一…就…）。例如：

Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.

(2) no sooner +过去完成时+ than +一般过去时（一…就…）。例如：

No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.

考点二：动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过去完成时，表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。例如：

I had hoped that I could do the job.

I had intended to see you but I was too busy.

9)将来完成时

将来完成时表示将来某一时刻将完成或在另一个未来的动作发生之前已经完成的动作。

I shall have finished this composition before9 o’clocktonight.

When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left.

考点一：常与将来完成时连用的时间状语有：by (the time / the end of ) +表示将来时间的短语和句子；before (the end of ) +表示将来时间的词语或句子；when, after等加上表示将来动作的句子等。例如：

By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot.

By this time tomorrow you will have arrived inShanghai.

By next Tuesday, I will have got ready for the exams.

考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，将来完成时则由现在完成时表示。（考查重点）

The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school.

10)完成进行时

完成进行时是完成时的强调形式，有现在完成进行时，过去完成进行时，将来完成进行时。

（1）现在完成进行时表示现在某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到现在某一时刻。

I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven’t found it.

（2）过去完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如：

It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places.（倾盆大雨已下了一个多星期，造成了许多地区塌方）

（3）将来完成进行时表示在将来某一时刻之前开始的一个动作或状态一直延续到将来某一时刻。例如：By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours.

2.动词的语态

语态也是专业四级英语的一个考点。语态也是动词的一种形式，英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，而被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。

(1) We use electricity to run machines.（主动语态）

(2) Electricity is used to run machines.（被动语态）

1)不能用于被动语态的动词和短语

（1）在英语中，不及物动词不能用于被动语态，但有些不及物动词（包括短语）容易引起误用。如：appear, belong to, die, escape, fall, happen, last, succeed, occur, take place, consist of。

Our success belongs to all the people present.我们的成功属于在座的每一个人。

（2）某些表示状态或特征的及物动词，如：become, contain, cost, fit, have, resemble, suit也没有被动语态。

2)被动语态的时态形式

时间一般时进行时完成时

现在am askedam being asked

is askedis being asked

are askedare being asked

过去was be askedwas being asked

were be askedwere being asked

将来shall be askedshall have been asked

will be askedwill have been asked

过去将来should be askedshould have been asked

would be askedwould have been asked

3)短语动词的被动语态

短语动词转换为被动语态时，通常被看作是一个动词，后面的介词或副词不能拆开或省略。例如：1）So far no correct conclusion has been arrived at.目前还有得出正确的结论2）All the rubbish should be got rid of.所有的垃圾应该把它们清除掉。

4)“get + -ed分词”的被动语态

“get + -ed分词”结构强调动作的结果，而非动作本身，常用来表示突发性的、出乎意料的偶然事件。例如：

The boy got hurt on his way home from work.这个男孩在下班回来的路上受伤了。

另外，“get + -ed分词”还可用于谈论为自己做的事，是主动的行为而不是被动的行为。例如：get dressed（穿衣服）get divorced（离婚）get engaged（订婚）get confused（迷惑不解）get lost（迷路）get washed（洗脸）get married（结婚）

5)双宾语动词改为被动语态

（1）能带两个宾语的动词改为被动语态时，一次只能由一个宾语作主语，另一个宾语被保留下来。例如：

(1) We showed the visitors our new products.（主动语态）我们向参观者展示了我们的新产品。

(2) The visitors were shown our new products.（被动语态）

(3) Our new products were shown to the visitors.（被动语态）

6)被动语态与系表结构的区别

（1）The novel was well written.（系表结构）这本小说写得好。

（2）The novel was written by Dickens.（被动语态）这本小说是Dickens写得。

7)少数动词的主动语态有时有被动的意思（专业四级英语重要考点）

例1：The book is selling remarkably well.这本书卖得很好

例2：The song sounds very beautiful.这首歌听起来很优美。

能这样用的动词还有read（读起来），clean（擦起来），wash（洗起来），write（写起来）。

例3：My watch needs cleaning. (= My watch needs to be cleaned).

能像need这样用的动词还有：want, require, deserve等。

例4：The meat is cooking.

例5：The shop doesn’t open（营业）on Sunday.试比较：The door was opened by Tom.

8)注意几个基本句型．（专业四级英语重要考点）

It is said …（据说）.，It is reported …（据报道）, It is widely believed（人们广泛认为）; It is expected …（据期望，应该）It is estimated…. (据估计),It was said…, It was believed …It was thought …(以前人们认为．．．)。

It is said that Sydney is beautiful。据说悉尼很漂亮。

It is estimated that nearly 20 persons were killed in this accident.据估计有20人在此次事故中丧生。

（三）非谓语动词

所谓非谓语动词，是指不能作谓语的动词，也不受主语人称和数的限制，但具有动词的某些特征。它不仅可以接宾语，而且还有时态和语态的变化。此外它可以做主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语、状语和同位语。近年来的专业四级英语试题对非谓语动词的用法特别青睐，频频对其进行考查。

不定式

时态\语态 主动 被动

一般式 to do to be done

完成式 to have done to have been done

动名词

时态\语态 主动 被动

一般式 doing being done

完成式 having done having been done

分词

时态\语态 主动 被动

一般式 doing being done

完成式 having done having been done / done

否定形式：not +不定式， not +动名词， not +现在分词

1.关于动词不定式的考点如下：

考点一：直接接动词不定式做宾语的动词。这一类动词往往表示请求、要求、选择、决定、打算、企图等。如：attempt企图，afford负担得起（重点词），demand要求，long渴望，destine注定，mean意欲，打算，expect期望，appear似乎，显得，determine决定，manage设法，pretend假装，agree同意，desire愿望，swear宣誓，volunteer志愿，wish希望，endeavor努力，offer提供，beg请求，fail不能，plan计划，prefer喜欢，宁愿，happen碰巧，prepare准备，decide决定，learn学习，regret抱歉，遗憾，hesitate犹豫，claim要求，promise承诺，允许，undertake承担，consent同意，赞同，intend想要，refuse拒绝，incline有…倾向，propose提议

I hope to visit this place again.我希望能再度访问此地。

I hesitate to spend so much money on the clothes.我对要花那么多钱买衣服犹豫不决。

My parents have consented to buy me a new electronic dictionary.我父母同意给我买个新的电子词典了。

*注意不定式的完成与进行时态及被动用法：

He pretended to be waiting for someone.他假装着正等人。

She was said to have been rich.据说她曾经富有过。

The building was reported to have been constructed.据报道这座大楼已经建造好了。

考点二：在以下情况下常使用不带(或省略)to的动词不定式：

1)感官动词后面：feel, listen, hear , see, watch, observe

I saw a man enter the shop.

试比较：I saw him singing when I passed by.

2)个别表示使役意义的动词，如：have, let, make

The teacherhas/makes/letsus write a composition every week.

上述感觉动词或使役动词转换为被动结构时．其后的不定式一般需带to，如：

The boy was made to go to bed early.

3)一些情态动词：had better, would rather do A than do B（宁可…而不愿…）, may as well（最好），can not（help）but（不得不…）等句型，后接省to不定式。

Hecannot (help) butagree with his daughter.他不得不同意他女儿。

We might as well put up here for tonight.我们最好还是在这里过夜。

4)主语从句及介词but, except, besides+to do(do)，如从句里或介词前有动词do，后面应接不带to的不定式；如无do，则接to不定式，即带do不带to，带to不带do。如：

The enemy soldiers had no choice but to surrender.敌军没有选择只好投降。

On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV.

What I have to do is take a rest.

考点三：有些动词后一般跟带“疑问词+动词不定式”作宾语，如：consider, discuss, explain , know, show, teach, understand, wonder, ask, find out等。

I asked him whether to leave or to stay.我问他要离开还是呆在这。（此句中的whether不可用if替换）

Please tell me how to answer the question.

考点四：不定式的逻辑主语为：for +名词(或代词宾格)+不定式。例如：

I found it impossible for him to do the job alone．我发现他—个人干这活是不可能的。

(注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容词后面，常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语。例如：

It was wise of him to do that．他那样做是明智的。

2.关于动名词的考点如下：

考点一：直接接动名词做宾语的动词。

acknowledge承认，cease停止，mention说到，admit承认，tolerate忍受，dislike不喜欢，advocate提倡，complete完成，appreciate感激，confess坦白，endure忍受，avoid避免，enjoy喜爱，bear忍受，envy嫉妒，delay延迟，escape逃跑，can’t stand受不了，deny否认，excuse借口，consider考虑，fancy幻想，favor偏爱，mind介意，miss错过，resent怨恨，finish完成，pardon原谅，resist抵抗，forgive原谅，permit允许，imagine设想，postpone延迟，risk冒险，practise实践，suggest建议，hate讨厌，prevent阻止，quit放弃，recall回想

I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激两年前给我出国学习的机会。

Forbid smoking.禁止吸烟。

He dislikes being interrupted in his speech.他不喜欢讲话的时候被打岔。

We have to postpone sending our answer to the request.我们不得不暂缓寄出对申请书的答复。

The boy admitted stealing the book.这个男孩承认偷了这本书。

考点二：在下列it作形式主语或形式宾语的句型中，用动名词作逻辑主语或逻辑宾语。

It is no use(no good, no point, no sense, a waste of time等名词) + doing sth.

It is good ( nice, interesting, useless等形容词) + doing sth.;

There is no point ( use, sense, good等名词) + doing sth.

It’s no use crying over spilt milk.后悔没有用。

It is good playing chess after supper．晚饭后弈棋挺好。

It is a waste of time trying to explain．设法解释是浪费时间。

There is no point in my going out to date someone.现在让我出去和别人拍拖没有用。

There is no use crying over spilt milk．牛奶洒了，哭也无用。

考点三：在need, require, want, worth (形容词)等词后面接动名词形式表示被动的意思，即用主动形式表示被动意义。如果接不定式，必须用不定式的被动形式。

Your hair wants cutting. 你的头发该理了。

This problem requires studying with great care．这个问题需要仔细研究。

The book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。

考点四：下列短语中to为介词，后面只能接动名词或名词。（注意：专业四级英语考试对to的考点主要是介词，而非不定式原形）look forward to（渴望），take to（渐渐喜欢）, get down to（着手干）, be opposed to（反对），live up to, be devoted to（致力于）

Nurses are devoted to caring the sick.护士致力于病人的护理事业。

We are looking forward to seeing you again我盼着再见到你。

get down to one's work静下心来工作

考点五：下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词，但表示的意义不同。不定式一般表示事情尚未发生；而动名词则表示事情已经发生于这些动词之前。这些动词有：

1）forget to do忘记要去做某事（此事未做）

forget doing忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生）

2）stop to do停止、中断（某件事），目的是去做另一件事

stop doing停止正在或经常做的事

3）remember to do记住去做某事（未做）

remember doing记得做过某事(已做)

4) regret to do对要做的事遗憾

regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔

5）try to do努力、企图做某事

try doing试验、试一试某种办法

6) mean to do打算，有意要…

mean doing意味着

7）go on to do继而（去做另外一件事情）

go on doing继续（原先没有做完的事情）

8）propose to do打算（要做某事）

propose doing建议（做某事）

Don’t you remember seeing the man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗?

You must remember to leave tomorrow．你可要记着是明天动身。

I don’t regret telling her what I thought．我不后悔给她讲过我的想法。(已讲过)

I regret to tell you that you failed the test.我很遗憾要告诉你，你这次测试没有通过。 You must try to be more careful．你可要多加小心。

Let’s try doing the work some other way．让我们试一试用另外一种办法来做这工作。

I didn’t mean to hurt your feeling．我没想要伤害你的感情。

Jumping from job to job means losing some benefit.跳槽意味着要损失利益。

3.关于分词的考点如下：

考点一：分词作定语

1)现在分词作定语，其逻辑主语是所修饰的名词或代词，表示一个主动或与谓语动词同时发生的动作，相当于一个主动的定语从句。

2)过去分词作定语，其逻辑主语也是所修饰的名词或代词，表示一个被动或完成（发生在谓语动词前）的动作，相当于一个被动的定语从句。

He rushed into the burning house．他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。（试比较：He rushed into the house which was burning.）

The child standing over there is my brother．站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。

The room facing south is our classroom．朝南的房间是我们的教室。

Have you got your watch repaired?你拿到那块修好的表了吗?（试比较：Have you got your watch which had been repaired?）

Prices of daily goods bought through a computer can be lower than store prices.通过计算机采购的日常品价格比商店的价格要低。

考点二：分词作状语

分词和分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式和伴随情况。在表示时间、原因、条件、让步和方式时，通常可转换为相应的状语从句。

Having finished their homework, they went to the library. (=After they had finished their homework…)完成作业后，他们去了图书馆。(表时间)

Heated，ice will be changed into water. (=When ice is heated...)冰一旦加热，它就会变成水。(表条件、时间)

Influenced by his ideas, she joined the revolution too. (=because she was influenced by his ideas, ...)由于受他思想的影响，她也参加了革命。(表原因)

Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.(=Although they know all this...)他们尽管了解这一切，还是要我赔偿损失。(表让步)

United, we stand; divided, we fall. (= if we are united, we stand. If we are divided,we fall)团结则存，分裂则亡。（表条件）

注意：1)分词作状语与主语的关系。分词作状语时重点应判断出分词的逻辑主语以及逻辑主语与分词之间的逻辑关系，若二者之间为被动关系,即逻辑主语是分词动作的承受者,则用过去分词；若二者是主动关系，即逻辑主语是分词动词的执行者，则用现在分词。

She went out，shutting the door behind him.她出去后将门随手关上。

Founded in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in theUnited States.建于1636年，哈佛大学是美国最著名的大学之一。

Admitting your mistake, you can be pardoned.只要你承认错误，你就会被宽恕。

Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服。

2)When, while, once, if, unless, though等连词可以直接引导分词做状语。（注：as没有此用法）

Be careful when crossing the street.过街时要小心。

While walking along the street early in the morning, he saw her.一早在街上散步时，他看到了她。

If falling ill, I’ll see my doctor.如果生病我会去看医生。

Though knowing the truth, he remained silent.虽然他知道实情，却保持沉默。

Unless (being) rich, I am not going abroad.除非有钱，要不然我是不会出国的。

3)分词作状语时，要特别注意其逻辑主语须和谓语动词的主语一致，否则分词必须有自己的主语。这种带主语的分词结构称作分词的独立结构，或独立主格。例如：

Time permitting, you can pay a visit to some places of interest in Hangzhou.如果时间允许的话,你们可以参观一下杭州的一些名胜古迹。

Weather permitting, we’ll be holding a football match tomorrow.明天如果天气允许的话，我们将举行一场足球赛。

He sat there silently, his head bending.他坐在那里一言不发，低着头。（独立主格结构）

The problem having been solved, the engineer returned to his own factory.问题一解决，工程师回到了工厂。（独立主格结构）

All the money having been wasted, we started looking for work.所有的钱都花光了，我们开始找活干。（独立主格结构）

有时也可用“with(或without)+名词(或代词宾格)+分词”的结构，表示伴随情况。

He fell asleep with the candle burning.他蜡烛未熄就睡着了。（表示伴随）

With Tom gone, I can work better.汤姆走了，我能更好地工作。（表示条件）

(四)虚拟语气的构成及其用法

语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度。尽管英语中有陈述语气(indicative mood)、祈使语气(imperative mood)、虚拟语气(subjunctive mood)，但是专业四级英语考试中考的最多的是虚拟语气。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达：a.非真实的情景，不可能发生的事，即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况，或说话人主观愿望。b.与客观事实相反的情景，即强制性虚拟语气，表示建议、命令、劝告，或表示强烈的要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。

虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的，其特点是主从句时态的不一致，而且一般有明显的标志。具体考点如下：

考点一：if从句句型(共有三种句型)

1.与现在的事实相反：

从句用一般过去时，主句的谓语用would (could, might, should)＋动词原形

If they were here, they would help you.如果他们在这里，会帮助你的。

2.与过去的事实相反：

从句用过去完成时，主句的谓语用would (could, might, should)＋have +过去分词

If she had left home yesterday she should have arrived here.如果她昨天就离开家，她早就该到这儿了。

3.与将来的事实相反：

从句用should (were to，did) +动词原形，主句的谓语用would (could, might)＋动词原形

If I were to (should) teach you, I would teach in English.如果让我教你们，我就用英文授课。

4.在书面语中,以上含有were, had, should, could的从句可以把这些词放在主语前面进行倒装，并把if省略。

Had he worked harder,（if he had worked harder,）he would have got through the exam.他如果工作努力的话，早就应该通过这个考试了。

5.条件句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致时，也叫错综时间虚拟条件句。例如：条件句动作发生在过去，主句的动作发生在现在)谓语动词要根据各自表示的时间进行调整。

If you had studied hard last term, you would not be preparing for the make-up exam.如果上学期你刻苦学习的话，就用不着现在准备补考。

考点二：It is (high /about / good) time that…，表示“该是。。。的时候了”，含有“为时已晚”的意思，表示建议现在应该做什么事，从句一般用一般过去时。

It is nearmidnight. It’s time we left.快半夜了，我们早该离开了。

It’s high time that we got up.我们早该起床了。

考点三：在would rather…，would sooner（just as soon）…，had rather…，意为“宁可，但愿”。从句用虚拟语气，若表示现在或将来的事情，谓语一般用过去时；若表示过去的动作，用过去完成时。

I would rather that you did not do it.我宁愿你不去做此事。（表示事情还没有发生。）.

I’d just as soon you had not done it.我宁愿你没有做此事。（表示事情已经发生。）

考点四：wish句型表达“但愿…，要是…多好”的语气

wish后宾语从句用虚拟语气，其谓语部分有时态变化：表示对现在情况虚拟时，动词用一般过去时(如did)；对过去的情况进行虚拟时，动词用“过去完成时(如had done)或情态动词的过去时+动词的现在完成时(如could have done)”形式；表示将来情况的虚拟时，用“情态动词的过去时形式+动词原形(如might do)。”

I wish I were a bird.

I wish she had not left last night.要是她昨晚没有离开该多好呀。

I wish he would forgive me.我希望他能原谅我（实际上他不会原谅我）

同例：在as if /as though引导的状语从句中和以if only引起的感叹句中，谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。例：

He talked as if he had known Tom for a long time.

He talks as if he were the boss.他说起话来就像他是老板。

If only I were free now！(注意：if only…后面主句被省略，意为：要是…那该多好呀！)

If only he had not married!要是他没有结婚，那就好了！

考点五：在强制性语气的宾语从句中，即表示建议、劝告、命令等主观色彩的动词+ that + (should) +动词原形，其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括：insist, suggest, propose, recommend, demand, order, command, desire（希望）, require, advise, prefer, maintain(坚持)，decide，ask

I suggest that you (should) not be late again next time.我建议你下次别再迟到了。

He proposed that we (should) talk heart to heart.他提议我们交心谈一谈。

It is requested that I (should) make a speech at the meeting.有人请求我在会上发言。

注意一：以上动词转化为名词(如：suggestion, proposal, demand, order, command, advice, desire, requirement, request, agreement, determination, preference ,等)后接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句要求用虚拟语气，其谓语部分用“(should)+动词原形” (should可省略)。

We are all for your proposal that the discussion be put off.我们都赞成你推迟讨论的建议。

My suggestion is that we (should) invite her.我的建议是我们邀请她。

注意二：以上这类动词中有时候有的动词的宾语从句不用虚拟语气，必须根据句子的意思来判断。

What he said suggested (表明) that he did not agree with us.

考点六：It is/was +形容词+ that + (should) +动词原形，这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性。如：important, vital, natural, desirable, possible, advisable(明智的), anxious, appropriate, compulsory(义务的), crucial (至关紧要的),essential(根本的),imperative (强制的), improper, necessary, obligatory (必须的), preferable, urgent.

It was essential that the application forms be sent back before the deadline.关键是申请表要在最终期限之前交过来。

It is necessary that we all（should）do our best to protect environment around us.我们都必须尽我们最大努力来保护我们周围的环境。

It is incredible that she should have finished this job.真令人难以置信，她居然一个人做完了这项工作。（should have done形式时，should不能省略）

考点七：在lest that …，for fear that…，in case that …引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气，表示“唯恐，以免”，从句用should +动词原形，should不能省略。

He took a raincoat with him lest it should rain.他怕下雨便带了一件雨衣。.

He wrapped himself up for fear that he should catch cold.他穿得很暖和，以防感冒。

考点八：含蓄虚拟条件句

含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现由if引导的条件句，条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如：without, but for, otherwise, or, given等等。

Without your help, I couldn’t have completed the task on time.要不是你的帮助，我不可能按时完成任务。（对过去虚拟）

But for the English examination I would have gone to the concert last night.如果没有英语考试，昨晚我就去参加音乐会。（对过去虚拟）

But for the sun, there could be no life on the earth. =If it were not for the sun, …若没有太阳，地球上就没有生命。（对现在虚拟）

Given more time, I would have finished the test. = if I had been given more time, …若再给我一点时间，我就能做完试题了。

（五）各类从句的构成及其用法

所谓从句是指从属于主句的句子，由从属连词连接。由主句和从句构成的复合句，是英语中比较复杂的句子结构。从句的种类有很多，但根据其性质和作用可以分为：名词性从句，形容词性从句（即定语从句），副词性从句（即状语从句）三大类。从句构成与用法的考查要点很多，历来是专业四级英语考试试题的热点与焦点，专业四级英语考试几乎每年都涉及到对名词性从句、定语从句以及状语从句的考查，常将并列连接词、从属连词、关系代词、关系副词放在同一题干中进行考查，故意设置干扰项，增加试题难度，以考查考生分析交际语境、理解句子之间的逻辑关系的能力。

1．名词性从句：即从句在整个句中起名词作用，分别可以作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等，所以这类从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句侧重考查考生在一定的语言环境下对英语从句的语序、从句连接词的运用以及主从句时态的呼应等知识点的掌握；

考点一：主语从句：主要考查主语从句的引导词；主句的谓语动词，一般用单数。

1）It is well-known that the earth moves around the sun.众所周知，地球围绕太阳转。（说明：由连词that引导的主语从句，在大多数情况下用代词it作形式主语。）

2）Whether we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather.我们明天是否在户外开晚会要视天气而定。（此时不能用if引导主语从句，只能用whether。）

3）When the sports meet will be held is not decided.何时举行运动会还没有决定。

4）Which car you will choose to buy makes no difference.

你决定买哪一辆车都不会有任何区别。

考点二：宾语从句：主要考查宾语从句if与whether的用法区别：

1）whether和if常与or not连用，whether和or not既可合起来使用，也可分开使用；if和or not只能分开使用。如：

He asked whether(if)they would come or not.他问他们是否该来。

I don't know whether or not they will come.我不知道他们来不来。

2）whether引导的宾语从句一般是肯定句，if引导的宾语从句可以是肯定也可以否定的。如:

She asked whether/if you had enough money.她问你是否有足够的钱。

I don't care if it doesn't rain.我不在乎是否下雨。（只能用if)

考点三：表语从句：be动词或者系动词后面跟主语补足语。

1）The question is whether the book is worth reading at all.（问题是这本书是否值得一读。）

2）That is why we don't like it.

考点四：同位语从句（专业四级英语考查的重点）

同位语从句的特点是由一个抽象名词+that从句构成，引导词一般是that,而且that在从句中不充当任何成分。这些抽象名词有：news, idea, fact, doubt, evidence, promise, rumor, hope, truth, belief, message等，同位语从句是对抽象名词进行说明解释。如：

1）We heard the news that he had won the game.我们听到消息他赢得了比赛。试比较：

2）We heard the news that he had told her.我们听到他对她说的消息。（宾语从句）

例2中的that从句的作用相当于一个形容词，其作用是修饰the news；例1中的that从句的作用相当于一个名词，是对the news的进一步说明。

有时如果主句的谓语动词较短，为保持句子平衡，避免头重脚轻，同位语从句也常与要说明的名词分开。例如：Word came that he died yesterday.消息传来说他昨天死了。

说明：当名词doubt用在否定句中时，其后的同位语从句应用that引导；而用在肯定句或疑问句中时则可以用其他词来引导。例如：

I never have the doubt that you can look after yourself.我从没有怀疑过你可以照看好自己。

Some people have the doubt how such a little boy can lift so heavy a box.这么一个小男孩怎么能举起这么重的盒子，对此人们表示怀疑

2．形容词性从句（即定语从句）（复合句考查的重点）

定语从句主要用来修饰它前面的先行词（名词或代词）的从句，所以又称形容词从句。根据与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。定语从句主要考查引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词；介词＋引导词以及非限制性定语从句。对于定语从句，在历年专业四级英语试题中，相对集中地考查了非限制性定语从句、关系代词和关系副词的选用、定语从句中的一致关系以及"介词+关系代词"等知识点。

考点一：引导定语从句的引导词有关系代词（who, whom, which, that, whose）和关系副词(as, when, where, why)等。但是当下列情况出现时，对引导词有特殊要求。

1）当先行词是all, everything, nothing, something, little, much时；当先行词被all, no, some, any, every, a few, a little, much, only, very修饰时；当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，或者先行词既有人又有物时，定语从句的引导词用that。例如:

Everything (that) he said seemed quite reasonable.他所说的每件事似乎都很有道理。

You can take any toy that you like.你可以拿走任一件你喜欢的玩具。

The first thing (that) I saw will never be forgotten.我永远不会忘记我见到的第一件事情。

This is the last thing (that) I want to do.这是我最不想做的事情。

They are talking about the things and persons (that) they can remember in that country.他们正在谈论他们所能够记起的那个国家的人和事。

2）why引导表示原因的定语从句，其先行词一般是reason。当主句主语是reason时，作主句表语的成分不能有because和because of。其结构一般为the reason why…is that…，或者the reason that … is that…，如：

He did not tell us the reason why he was late again.他没有告诉我们他为什么又迟到了。

The reason why（that）he didn't come is that he was ill.

考点二：考查“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句的用法。当先行词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，往往可以把介词放在关系代词之前，构成"介词+关系代词(whom / which)"结构。但一些短语动词(如look after等)中的介词不能与动词分开，故不能放在关系代词之前。

American women usually look upon their best friend as someone with whom they can talk frequently.美国妇女通常把她们最要好的朋友看成是可以经常倾诉的对象。

（关系代词whom在定语从句中作介词with的宾语，talk with sb.意为"与某人谈话"。）

另外，我们还要注意"部分+ of介词+关系代词（整体名词）"结构，该结构，做关系词也就是"部分名词+ of which/whom"的结构，往往可以翻译成“其中”。(学位考查重点)

He invited many scientists to his birthday party,two of whomwere his old classmates.他邀请了许多科学家出席他的生日宴会，其中有两位是他的老同学。

考点三：当先行词为表示时间的名词（如：time, day, year, week, month, occasion）或地点的名词（如：place, room, city, country）时，一般用关系副词when和where.分别相当于in which, at which, on which。但是当这些表示时间或地点的名词作从句的宾语时，则要用关系代词that或which。

I can't forget the days when (in which) I studied with you.

Can you tell me the day when（on which）you met her for the first time?

China is the only country where (in which) wild pandas（熊猫）can be found.

I’ll never forget the village where (in which) I spent my childhood（童年）.

试比较：

I will never forget the days that/which I spent inBeijingUniversity. (本句days作spend的宾语，故用关系代词that / which )

I have never been toBeijing, but it’s the place that I most want to visit.(place作visit的宾语。)

考点四：非限定性定语从句不能用that引导,一般用引导词which / as或who（指人），非限定性定语从句既可以修饰主句的部分内容，也可修饰主句的全部内容。as引导的非限定性定语从句既可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之中或之后，但which或who引导的非限定性定语从句不能放在主句句首。（考查重点）

The large area is covered with thick snow, which has been reported on TV.大片区域为积雪所覆盖，这已在电视里报道了。

His speech, which was very boring, was over at last.他的讲演，非常枯燥，终于结束了。

Her sister, who lived in another city, was coming to visit her.

As we all know, the moon（, as is known to us.）is a satellite of the earth.（as is known to us.）

3．副词性从句（状语从句）

引导状语从句的关联词是一些从属连词。状语从句同状语一样，在句中的位置比较灵活，可置于句首、句末或句中，状语从句位于句首时，常用逗号与主句隔开。若从句较短同时又与主句的关系十分紧密时，也可以不用逗号分开。状语从句根据其用途可以分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、比较状语从句、目的状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句和方式状语从句九种。状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词和特殊连接词。现分别列举如下：

1）时间状语从句

常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since , till, until

特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, every time, immediately, no sooner … than…, hardly/ scarcely…when

A good storyteller must be able to hold his listeners' curiosity until her reaches the end of the story．一个善于讲故事的人必须能够自始至终抓住听众的好奇心。

He made a mistake，but then he corrected the situation before it got worse．他犯了错误，但没等局势恶化，他就扭转了局势。

I gave her the money you owed her the moment I saw her．我一见到她就把你欠她的钱给她。

No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.我一到家就开始下雨了。

2）地点状语从句

常用来引导地点状语从句的关联词有where，wherever等。

The famous scientist grew up where he was born and in 1940 he came to Shanghai．那位著名的科学家在出生地长大，于1940年来到上海。

Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.不管我在哪里我都会想到你。

3）原因状语从句

常用来引导原因状语从句的关联词有because，as，since等。

特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, considering that

The Italian boy was regarded as a hero because he gave his life for his country．那位意大利男孩被看作是英雄，因为他为祖国献出了生命。

Now that you've got a chance，you might as well make full use of it．既然你有机会，你最好充分利用它。

4）目的状语从句

常用来引导目的状语从句的关联词有that，so that，in order that，in case, lest等。从句的谓语常由"can／could，may／might＋动词原形"构成。

Sally worked late in the evening to finish her report so that her boss could read it first the next morning．Sally为完成报告一直工作到深夜，以便她老板第二天早上能第一个阅读它。

I am telling you that lest you should make a mistake.我告诉你这一点，以免你搞错。

5）结果状语从句

引导结果状语从句的连词有：that，so that（从句中不带情态动词），so…that（如此……以致……），such…that…（如此……以致……）。

We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door.我们走的时候如此匆忙，以致于我们忘记锁门了。（such是形容词，后接名词短语）

The village is so small that it cannot be shown in the map.这个村子太小，所以地图上没有。（so是副词，后接形容词或副词短语）

6）条件状语从句

常用来引导条件状语从句的关联词有if，unless（除非），when（如果），suppose，supposing，given that（假定，给出），on condition that，as／so long as等。

You will succeed in the endunlessyou give up halfway．如果你不半途放弃，你最终会成功。

“So long as we don't understand it too well, every other language is poetry”(Anatole Broyard)“只要我们对别的语音还不太了解，它们就都是诗”(阿纳托尔·布鲁瓦亚尔)

7）让步状语从句

常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though

特殊引导词：as（用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装），while (一般用在句首)，no matter …, in spite of the fact that, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever

Muchas/thoughI respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal.尽管我很尊敬他，我却不同意他的建议。

We'll have to finish the job，no matterhowlong it takes.不管用多长时间，我们都要把工作做完。

8）比较状语从句

常用引导词：as（同级比较）, than（不同程度的比较）

特殊引导词：the more … the more … ; A is to B what / as X is to Y

The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.你越加锻炼，就会越加健康。

Air is to us as water is to fish.我们与空气的关系就像鱼和水的关系。

9）方式状语从句

常用引导词：as, as if/though

When inRome, do as the Roman do.入乡随俗

They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）

I have made the change as you suggested.我已经按你的建议进行了改变。

（六）形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的构成与用法

英语中比较结构用于形容词和副词，因为只有形容词和副词具有原级、比较级和最高级。专业四级英语考试中主要测试比较结构的特殊用法。

原级比较一般用as … as ; not as/so … as ; the same … as

The work is not as/so difficult as you think.工作并不像你认为的那样难。

This book is twice as thick as that one.这本书是那本书的两倍厚。

考点一：以拉丁文-ior结尾的形容词本身含有比较意义，后接to而不是than，这些词有：superior, inferior , senior , junior , prior

He is three years senior to me.他比我年长3岁。

This type of computer is superior to that type.这型号计算机比那型号要先进。

考点二：最高级用于三者以上的事物之间的比较。比较的范围表示地方用介词in;表示所属关系和人物比较用介词of。(即the +最高级＋in /of …)

The Yangtze River is the longest river inChina, but it is the third longest river in the world.

Of all the metals, silver is the best conductor在所有的金属中，银是最好的导电体。.

考点三：英语中有一小部分表示绝对意义的形容词没有比较级和最高级。如：deaf, empty, perfect, complete, right, wrong , round, square, dead

考点四：几组固定搭配短语用法

more than意为：“不仅仅是，非常，十分”等；more …than意为：“与其说…不如说，不是…而是”；no more than强调少，意为“只有，不过，仅仅”。

What we are doing today is more than donating some money.今天我们所做的不只是捐一些钱。

He is more brave than wise.他有勇无谋。

The book seems to be more a dictionary than a grammar.这本书看起来与其说是一本语法书，不如说是一本词典。

He has no more than five dollars on him.他身上仅有5美元。(强调少)注意与not…more than区别。

（七）强调句型的结构与用法

强调句型是大学英语重点难点知识，也是历年专业四级英语重要考查知识点。强调句型基本结构为“It be … that/who”在英语中，该句型除了不能用来强调谓语外，其他成份均可被强调。

It was clearly the headmaster himself that opened the door.开门的显然正是校长本人。(强调主语)

It was this classroom that Tom cleaned yesterday with Jean. Tom与Jean昨天打扫的是这教室。(强调宾语)

It was because of bad weather that the football match had to be put off.正是由于天气不好足球赛才不得不推迟举行。（强调状语）

It was with Jean that Tom cleaned the classroom. Tom是与Jean在一起打扫教室的。(强调主语补足语)

考点一：be前可使用表示推测的情态动词构成复合结构。

It must have been this obvious aimlessness that led to my downfall.正是这种明显的毫无目的的游逛使我倒了霉。

考点二：考查强调句型的疑问句式（重要考点）

一般疑问句式:Is/Was it+被强调部分+that/who+句子的其余部分?

特殊疑问句式：特殊疑问词+is/was it +that/who+句子的其余部分?(特殊疑问词为被强调成份)

Was it because of his illness that he didn’t go to see the film?他是因为生病了才没去看电影吗？

Where was it that you found your lost pen?你到底在哪里找到了你丢失的钢笔。

When was it that he got up yesterday？他昨天到底是什么时候起床的？

Do you know where it was that the old scientist was hit by a car?你知道这位老科学家是在哪里被车碰倒的吗？（原句：a. The old scientist was hit by a car at the gate.强调：b. It was at the gate that the old scientist was hit.疑问：c. Where was it that the old scientist was hit by a car？插入：d. Do you happen to know where it was that the old scientist was hit by a car?）

考点三：强调人可以用who，但强调时间、地点、原因状语时，通常只使用that，而不能使用when, where, why。

It was only when I reread his poems recently that I began to appreciate their beauty.直到我最近重新读到他写的诗我才开始领略到诗中之美。

考点四：强调否定结构

It is not until he came back that I left for Qingdao.我是直到他回来才去的青岛

试比较：1. I didn’t leave forQingdaountil he came back.

2. Not until he came back did I leave for Qingdao.（倒装结构）

考点五：强调主语人称代词时，应注意其形式仍用主格形式，且谓语动词应与之保持数的一致

【误】It is me who/ that is going to be sent there to help them.

【正】It is I who/ that am going to be sent there to help them.

（八）常用倒装句的结构及其用法

倒装结构也是专业四级英语考试中的常考语法现象。英语句子最基本的结构是主谓结构，倒装就是将这种比较固定的词序加以颠倒。英语的倒装有两种形式，一种是将句子的主语和谓语完全颠倒过来，称为完全倒装，这种倒装句式与一般疑问句句式一致，如：

Then began an eight-year war betweenIranandIraq.(于是伊朗和伊拉克两国之间开始了长达八年的战争)；

另一种是只将助动词移到主语之前，称为部分倒装，如:

Seldom can he finish his task in a short time. (他很难能在短时间完成任务)

引起倒装的情况很多，在专业四级英语考试中，常见的主要有以下几种。

考点一：句子谓语是go，come，run等表示位置动词和be动词，且句中又有表示方位或时间的副词(如there，here，up，down，out，in，now，then等)时，句子要全部倒装。如:

Here comes the train toBeijing.去北京的火车来了。

Then came a new difficulty.然后出现了一个新的困难。

考点二：当含有否定意义的词(never，seldom，not，little，hardly等）或由它们组成的短语放在句首时，要用部分倒装。

Seldom in my life have I met so determined a person.一生中我很少见到如此果断的人。

Not until the game had begun did he arrive at the sports ground.直到比赛开始了他才赶到运动场。（注意只有主句倒装）

No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.我刚出去，他就看我来了。

Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more fluently too.他讲得不仅更准确，而且也更流利。

By no means will I allow him to go swimming alone.我决不允许他一个人去游泳。

Under no circumstances could I agree to such a principle.在任何情况下我也不能同意这一原则。

考点三：“only +状语”放在句首时，句子需要部分倒装。

Only under special circumstances are freshmen permitted to take make-up tests.新生只有在特殊情况下才允许补考。

Only by working hard can we get good results in our study.只有努力我们的学习才能取得好成绩。

考点四：虚拟语气中，省去if后，从句需要部分倒装。（学位考查重点）

Had it not been for my illness, I would have lent him a helping hand.要不是我病了，我肯定会给他提供援助之手。（If it had not been for my illness…）

Were she here, she would support the motion.如果她在，她会支持这项动议。(If she were here…)

考点五：.以so开头表示肯定重复和以neither/nor开头表示否定重复的句子中要部分倒装。

I'd like another drink, and so would John.我想再喝一杯，约翰也想再来一杯。

I haven't read this book, and neither has my brother.我没读过这本书，我弟弟也没读过。

考点六：So/such… that从句以及“to such an extent, to such a degree.”放在句首表示程度，句子要部分倒装。

So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him.他声音大得连隔壁屋里的人都听得见。

To such an extent did his health deteriorate that he was forced to retire.他的健康状况恶化到如此程度，所以他不得不退休。

考点七：由as或though引导的让步状语从句有时也用倒装句，即把表语或部分谓语提前。

Much as/though he likes her, he does get annoyed with her sometimes.虽然他喜欢她，但他有时候也觉得她很讨厌。（注：关联词although无此用法）

Fast as you read, you can not finish reading the book in two weeks.不管你读得多快，两天之内你还是读不完这本书。

二、语法知识专项训练及题解

(一)专项训练

1. Jack is saidabroad now, but I don’t know which country he is studying in.

A. having studied B. to be studying C. having been studied D. to study

2. It is many years since womento vote in theUnited States.

A. was allowing B. allowed C. were allowed D. had been allowed

3. We have been waiting for you for about two hours. Youus in advance you would be late.

A. should tellB. should have toldC. must have toldD. may tell

4. This is the doctorI depend a lot whenever I have health problems.

A. with whomB. in whomC. on whoD. on whom

5. Without electricity, our lifequite different today.

A. will beB. wasC. had beenD. would be

6. The professor, together with several students,working in the laboratory at this time last week.

A. wasB. wereC. isD. are

7. We were surprised atthe important meeting.

A. him not to attendB. his attending notC. him not attendD. his not attending

8. Whether we will go toLondonfor a holiday or notthe weather.

A. depends onB. depend onC. depended onD. is depending on

9. It was Einsteinpublished his well-known theory of relativity in 1916.

A. whichB. whoC. whatD. when

10. I don’t believe that her son has the ability to go to university to study,?

A. does heB. do youC. doesn’t sheD. doesn’t he

11.Having broken the window, the little boy dared not go to school because he was afraid of.

12. Once youto work with him, you will find that he is not easy to get along with.

A. must beginB. will beginC. beganD. begin

13.The reason ________ I did not go to the theater last Friday was that I could not afford the time.

A. whyB. for thatC. whichD. where

14. I cannot stand him. He always talks as though he ________everything in the world.

A. has known B. had knownC. knewD. knows

15. I don’t know why they quarrel with each other, ____ do I care.

A. asB. eitherC. norD. but

16. You never told me why you didn’t come to my birthday party,?

A. don’t youB. did youC. didn’t youD. had you

17.He entered the room quietly ________ wake up his family.

A. not so thatB. so that not toC. so as not toD. not so as to

18. __________, he began to live all by himself.

A. Young as was he B. Young was as heC. As was he young D. Young as he was

19. JanefromCambridgeUniversityby the end of last year.

A. had graduatedB. have graduatedC. graduated D. was graduated

20.It was so noisy in the class that the professor couldn't make himself .

A. heardB. hearingC. to hearD. being heard

21. The shop assistant ____ I thought would be praised was fired by her boss.

A. whoB. whomC. about whomD. which

22. It is necessary that youfor a leave before leaving forShanghai.

A. askB. askedC. have askedD. will ask

23. Seldomvisited by ships.

A. is the islandB. did the islandC. the island isD. have been the island

24. After supper, many people stroll along the lake side,.

A. chatting and laughingB. to chat and to laugh C. to chat and laughD. chatted and laughed

25. Since the ground is wet this morning, it ________ last night.

A. must have rained B. rainedC. may be raining D. was raining

26.is reported, the prime minister paid a visit to their university.

A. BecauseB. ThatC. WhichD. As

27. If hetoday, he would arrive there by Sunday.

A. would leaveB. leaves C. leftD. were to leave

28. Do you have any articlesthe harmful effects of owning a private car.

A. concernedB. to concernC. concerningD. having concerned

29. It was the manager’s carelessnesscaused the big fire in the bookstore.

A. who B. which C. what D. that

30.made Helen jealous was that her parents were much kinder to her brothers.

A. WhatB. WhichC. ItD. That

31.Not until yesterday evening ________ my decision known to them all.

A. I didn’t makeB. did I makeC. I madeD. didn’t I make

32. I will not lend my computer to youyou promise to take good care of it.

A. unlessB. ifC. becauseD. as

33.—The light in the classroom is still on.

—Oh, I forgot.

A. turn it offB. to turn it offC. turned it offD. turning it off

34. Do remember to pay a visit to your grandma,?

A. don’t youB. didn’t youC. aren’t youD. will you

35. I recommend that the studentstheir homework as soon as possible.

A. hand inB. must hand inC. were handing inD. handed in

36.more time, we could do it better.

A. GivingB. GivenC. To giveD. Having given

37. He would still hold on to his opinion,all the world were against him.

A. butB. althoughC. howeverD. and

38. In my opinion, it is time that youyour future.

A. considerB. will considerC. consideredD. to consider

39. He apologized formy vase.

A. brokenB. breakingC. having been brokenD. having broken

40. She worked very hard when she was young,contributes to her success in her career.

A. thatwhenC. itD. which

(二)语法专项训练答案题解

1.答案：【B】。据说杰克在国外学习，不过我不知道他在哪个国家。本句考查的是动词不定式的进行式。首先，be said/ be reported后应该使用动词不定式。不定式表示的动作与谓语表示的动作同时发生，所以使用不定式的进行式，选B。

2.答案：【C】。自从在美国妇女被允许选举以来已经很多年了。在It is +一段时间+ since后引导的从句中，谓语动词用过去时，且allow与women间构成被动关系，故选C。

3.答案：【B】。我们等你近两个小时了，你本该事先告诉我们你会迟到。“should（ought to）+ have +动词的过去分词”结构表示本该做某事却没做。含责备、批评或懊悔的意味。

4.答案：【D】。这就是那个医生，我一出现健康问题就去找他。本句考查的是定语从句。首先depend on sb./ sth.（依赖某人或某物）是固定词组。可将从句理解为：whom I depend on a lot。关系代词whom/ which在定语从句作介词宾语时，介词可置于关系代词之前，故本题选D。

5.答案：【D】。如果没有电，我们今天的生活将大有不同。本句考查的是虚拟语气。without/ but for可表示虚拟条件，相当于if引导的状语从句，句中的谓语动词一般用虚拟语气。本句表示与现在事实相反的假设，谓语动词用“should/ would/ could/ might +动词原形”结构。本句可改写为：If there weren’t electricity, our life would be quite different today.

6.答案：【A】。上星期这个时候，教授和几个学生在实验室里工作。本句考查的是主谓一致。主语是单数而后面跟有as well as/ with/ together with/ like/ but/ except等短语时，谓语动词用单数形式。本句时间状语last week表示过去，故选A。

7.答案：【D】。他没有参加这个重要的会议，我们感到很奇怪。介词后使用动名词，动名词的否定形式是在动名词前加not。当动名词的逻辑主语是代词时，常用代词的所有格；当逻辑主语是名词时，常用名词的普通格，即，原形。

8.答案：【A】。我们能否去伦敦度假取决于天气状况。本句考查的是主谓一致。本句的主语是whether引导的主语从句。当主语是whether/ what/ that等连接词引导的从句时，谓语动词用单数，故选A。

9.答案：【B】。爱因斯坦在1916年发表了著名的相对论。本句考查的是强调句型。强调句的结构是“It is（was）…that/ who…”，被强调的部分放在is（was）后面。被强调的成分可以是主语、宾语、状语等。“It is（was）…who…”只用于强调主语是人的情况。需注意的是在强调句中，去掉It is（was）和that/ who后，句子仍然完整。因为本句强调的是Einstein，故用who。

10.答案：【A】。我认为她的儿子没有能力进入大学学习，是吗？本句考查的是反意疑问句。suppose/ believe/ think/ expect/ imagine等属于否定转移的动词，表示假定、相信、猜想等意义。这些词带宾语从句时的反意疑问句应注意：当主语是第一人称，反意疑问句的疑问部分的主语、谓语和从句主语、谓语一致。例如：I suppose he will come to the party, won’t he?又如：I don’t think he can finish his homework, can he?（此句还要注意否定转移，反意疑问句要用肯定形式）；当主语不是第一人称，反意疑问句的疑问部分则与主句的主语、谓语保持一致。例如：She doesn’t think they can win the game, does she?

11.答案：【D】。小男孩把玻璃打碎了，怕受到惩罚不敢去学校。of是介词，其后应该接动名词。punish与其逻辑主语the little boy构成被动关系，故使用动名词的被动式。又动名词表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之后发生，故不用完成式。所以选D。

12.答案：【D】。你一旦开始和他工作，就会发现他不容易相处。once可引导时间状语从句。在时间状语从句中，用一般现在时代替将来时。可引导时间状语从句的词或词组有：once/ when/ the moment/ after/ before/ as long as/ as soon as等。

13.答案：【A】。上星期五我没去剧院是因为没时间。本句考查的是定语从句。当先行词是the reason时，定语从句的引导词用why。

14.答案：【C】。我受不了他了，他讲话时的样子就好像世上任何事情他都知道。本句考查的是虚拟语气。as if/ as though引导的从句，如果表示与事实或可能出现的事实相反的假设，从句用一般过去时。故选C。

15.答案：【C】。我不知道他们为什么吵架，也不在乎。英语中，为了避免句子中部分内容重复，常使用倒装句。句式结构为：so/ neither/ nor + be动词（助动词、情态动词）+主语，其中，so表示肯定，而neither/ nor表示否定。本句表示否定，故选C。

16.答案：【B】。你从没告诉我为什么没来参加我的生日聚会，是吗？本句考查的是反意疑问句的用法。如果陈述部分含有否定或半否定的词，如：not/ no/ never/ little/ few/ barely/ hardly/ scarcely/ seldom等，疑问部分用肯定式。故选择B。

17.答案：【C】。他轻轻地走进房间，以免吵醒家人。so that引导目的或结果状语从句，后接完整的句子，故排除选项A、B。so that引导的目的状语从句可用so as (not) to…或in order (not) to…结构替代。

18.答案：【D】。虽然年纪小，他已开始独立生活了。本句考查的是让步状语从句。由as引导的让步状语从句使用倒装语序，从句的表语、状语或动词提前，其他句子成分位置不变。本题是将表语young提前，选D。

19.答案：【A】。简去年年底从剑桥大学毕业了。本句考查的是时态。当时间状语是by (the time/ the end of ) +表示过去时间的短语或句子时，谓语动词用过去完成时。

20.答案：【A】。教师里太吵了，教授不能让人听见自己的声音。过去分词可以在find/ see/ hear/ watch/ keep/ have/ make等动词后与名词或代词构成复合宾语。

21.答案：【A】。我以为那个店员会受到表扬，结果却被老板开除了。本句要注意的是I thought是插入语，在句中不充当任何句子成分。先行词是人，引导词在从句中做主语，故引导词只能用who。

22.答案：【A】。去上海之前你有必要请个假。在句型：It is important/ necessary/ essential/ strange/ natural that …中，that引导的从句中的谓语用“（should）+动词原形”结构。

23.答案：【A】。这个岛很少有船停靠。本句考查的是倒装句的用法。否定或半否定的词在句首，句子部分倒装，结构为“否定词（半否定词）+助动词（be动词、情态动词）+主语”。常见的否定或半否定的词有：not/ no/ never/ little/ few/ barely/ hardly/ scarcely/ seldom等。本句主语island与visit间构成被动关系，故选A。

24.答案：【A】。晚饭后，很多人沿着湖边闲逛，说说笑笑。本题考查的是现在分词短语作伴随状语。现在分词短语表示方式或伴随情况时，一般表示次要的动作，用来补充说明谓语动词的动作。本题chatting and laughing用来补充说明谓语动词的动作。

25.答案：【A】。因为今早地上是湿的，昨晚肯定下雨了。谓语动词用“must have +动词的过去分词”结构，表示对过去发生的事情的肯定推测。

26.答案：【D】。据报道，总理参观了他们学校。本句考查的是as引导定语从句的用法。as和which做为关系代词都可以引导非限制性定语从句，代指整个主句表示的内容。当主句在前，as/ which在后面引导定语从句可以相互替换，例如：The earth moves round the sun, as/ which is known to us all.当非限制性定语从句位于句首时，不用which引导，用as引导。本题中，非限制性定语从句位于句首，故用as引导，选D。

27.答案：【C】。要是他今天走，星期日就能到那。本句考查的是虚拟语气在if引导的状语从句中的应用。根据状语从句的时间状语today，可知表示与现在事实相反的假设，故从句用一般过去时。

28.答案：【C】。你有关于拥有私人汽车不良影响的文章吗？由于articles与concern构成主动关系，故用concerning做后置定语修饰articles，表示“有关”，选C。

29.答案：【D】。经理的疏忽导致了书店里的大火。本句考查的是强调句型。强调句的结构是“It is（was）…that/ who…”，被强调的部分放在is（was）后面。被强调的成分可以是主语、宾语、状语等。“It is（was）…who…”只用于强调主语是人的情况。需注意的是在强调句中，去掉It is（was）和that/ who后，句子仍然完整。因为本句强调的是the manager’s carelessness，所以选择D。

30.答案：【A】。令海伦嫉妒的是她的父母偏向她的哥哥们。本句考查的是主语从句。what引导的名词性从句在句中可以作主语、宾语和表语。本句中，what引导的从句是主语，且what在从句中作主语。

31.答案：【B】。直到昨天晚上，我才把我的决定告诉他们。本句考查的是倒装句的用法。not until置于句首时，主句部分倒装，将be动词、助动词或情态动词提前。

32.答案：【A】。如果你不答应好好看护我的电脑，我就不借给你。unless表示“若不，除非”，相当于if…not…。本句可改写为I will not lend my computer to you if you don’t promise to take good care of it.

33.答案：【B】。在“forget +动词不定式”结构中，不定式表示的动作尚未发生；而“forget +动名词”结构中，动名词表示的动作已经发生。例如：I forgot telling you the story before.类似的动词还有remember。

34.答案：【D】。一定要记得去看望你奶奶，好吗？本句考查的是祈使句的反意疑问句。肯定形式及否定形式的祈使句疑问部分一般用will you。

35.答案：【A】。我建议学生尽快把家庭作业交上来。本句考查的是虚拟语气。suggest/ recommend/ propose/ advise/ demand/ command/ order/ insist等动词的宾语从句使用虚拟语气，谓语动词用“（should）+动词原形”结构，表示建议、劝告、要求、命令等，should可以省略。

36.答案：【B】。多给些时间的话，我们会做得更好。本句考查的是非谓语动词的用法。经分析，此空应填非谓语动词，它与其逻辑主语we之间构成被动关系，故应该用过去分词，选B。本句相当于一个条件状语从句：If we were given more time, we could do it better.

37.答案：【B】。即使整个世界都反对他，他依然坚持自己的看法。although引导让步状语从句，表示“虽然、即使”。

38.答案：【C】。我认为现在是你考虑你的将来的时候了。本句考查的是虚拟语气。在“It is (high/ about) time that…”结构中，that引导的从句用一般过去时，故选C。

39.答案：【D】。他为打坏我的花瓶而抱歉。for是介词，介词后用动名词。动名词所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，故应该用动名词的完成时。break与my vase之间构成主动关系，故选D。

40.答案：【D】。她年轻的时候工作非常努力，这导致了她事业上的成功。本句测试的是which引导非限制性定语从句的用法。关系代词which在非限制性定语从句中，可代指前面主句一整句话，需要注意的是主句和which引导的从句要用逗号隔开。